On warm evenings in California, a familiar buzzing can be heard—mosquitoes on the prowl. While these tiny insects might seem like a temporary nuisance, the bites they give not only provide a bothersome itch, but can also be a method of entry for multiple deadly diseases such as Malaria, Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and West Nile Virus. As global warming expands the range of mosquitoes, these infections are becoming increasingly widespread. As of August 28, 2024, 33 states have confirmed cases of West Nile Virus, which currently has no vaccine or specific treatment. Understanding mosquitoes and adopting preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses.
West Nile Virus was first isolated in 1937, and has spread rapidly across the globe since. It is currently the most widespread arbovirus, with cases in every continent besides Antarctica. Thankfully, almost 80% of people will have few symptoms from the infection and around 20% will have rashes, fevers, or headaches. However, in around 1% of cases, the disease can spread to the nervous system, inflaming the brain and spinal cord, leading to seizures and possibly death. West Nile Virus is especially deadly to those with compromised immune systems and chronic illnesses.
Infections of West Nile Virus are not isolated to humans, as bats, horses, dogs, cats, and even crocodiles can contract the disease. The most heavily impacted species are birds, and most crows infected die within several days. Crows are so strongly affected that scientists can even track bird mortality to create a picture of the spread of the disease. As West Nile Virus spreads further north, it could disrupt ecosystems and drop the population of vulnerable species.
Keeping mosquitoes far away is a good step to preventing mosquito-borne illnesses. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water, often congregating near puddles. As a result, regularly emptying containers, cleaning gutters, changing bird bath water, and stopping leaks are effective ways of reducing mosquito encounters. Protective clothing is also highly recommended to minimize potential bite area and the CDC suggests light-colored, long-sleeve shirts and pants. Sunrise and sundown are when mosquitoes are most active, so avoiding the outdoors during that time can help as well. If those measures fail, insect repellent is a very effective deterrent to mosquitoes.
Although there are no current vaccines for humans, health organizations worldwide are researching potential options including a vaccine that works for horses. Understanding how West Nile Virus impacts the body could help researchers better understand the disease and ways to prevent it. In the meantime, community engagement in reducing mosquito populations and mosquito bites is key to protecting global health. By working together, countries can develop more effective ways to manage mosquito populations and prevent outbreaks. Over the next few months, a proactive approach against mosquitoes will be on the rise, safeguarding lives around the world against West Nile Virus.
